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The Expansion Of The United States - 1200 Words

The progress of expansion in the United States is one filled with complicated, complex, and irrational decisions. Geographically, North America changed dramatically by having the landmass grow, through discovery, by at least doubling what it was before. The European discovery of North America, the Mississippian shatter zone, Louisiana Purchase, and the Mexican-American war are all historical events that changed the path and future of America dramatically, through the making of controversial decisions. The expansion started with humans on the move, and hunters tracking food/game across a recently discovered land bridge from Siberia to Alaska, where they discover an ice-free passage leading to the south. They continue and reach the great†¦show more content†¦This zone was created by the shared circumstances of the uncertainty of the Mississippian world and the inability of Native communities to accept the full force of colonialism. The induction of a hopeful economic system by European buyers; the growth and spread of violence and warfare through the Indian slave trade; and through the rise of military Native slaving unions who held control of the European trade (Ethridge and Shuck p.2). These conditions caused instability in the Mississippi shatter zone. Contact with Europeans did not leave the Natives completely and utterly destroyed. The Mississippian world may have collapsed as a community, but the reformation that followed, people rebuilt their communities and created new social and political parties. These new parties maintained organizations and practices such as town committees, trade, social organizations, corn agriculture, and hunting and gathering. All of which had their origins during the Mississippian Period and possibly even in earlier eras. These organizations and practices proved to be vastly adaptable and could be integrated into the new universal economic situations. In 1803, the United States bought over 800,000 square miles of land fr om France for 15 million dollars, known as the Louisiana Purchase. The territory included today’s states of Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas,

Poetry and Informal Diction Essay Example For Students

Poetry and Informal Diction Essay Arnold delves Into the Worlds history, ending on a note that the world is full of pain, fear and violence. 5. Man and the Natural World, life, consciousness and existence, allusions to Sophocles. 1. The Hollow Men by T. S. Elliot 2. Modern 3. 2 epigraphs/5 sections, each section follows light, darkness, emptiness, spiritual and physical. Free verse 4. Elliot expresses his lose In hope, religion and love within the scarecrows stuck in a moral paralysis. 5. Reflecting post WWW, personal weakness, death/doubt/despair, identity. 1. The Wasteland by T. S. Elliot 3. Blank verse, dramatic monologue, 1 epigraph, poetic diction 4. Elliot reinforces the psychological and cultural crawls that came with the loss of moral and cultural Identity after WWW. 5. Allusions made to The Bible and Shakespeare, religion, memory and the past, appearances. 1 . The Wild Swans at Cole by William Butler Yeats 3. Iambic pentameter, A-B-C-B-D-D rhyme, couplets, formal/poetic diction. 4. Yeats liberates freedom and expresses the effects of war and change, not Just on himself, but on others around him as well, 5. Freedom, death. 1 . The Virgins by Derek Walcott 2. Post-Modern 3. Informal diction, 4. Walcott portrays a place that Is lost to the changes that are happening in the world. . Accepting change, society. 1 . The Rear-Guard by Siegfried Swanson 3. A-B-B-C-D rhyme, personification, repetition, alliteration, gothic tone shift. 4. Swanson gives an outlook of a solider during WWW, reflecting and conveying emotions of a solider during the war. 5. War brutality, reflecting WWW, relevance to life. 1 . Dulcet et Decorum Est by Wilfr ed Owen 3. Iambic pentameter, A-B-A-B-C-D rhyme, poetic diction 4. Owen expresses that theres nothing glorious or honorable about death. Mostly, AR itself. 5. Reality, warfare, patriotism. 1. A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General by Jonathan Swift 2. Restoration 3. A-A-B-B-C-C rhyme, parody/ironic, informal diction. 4. Swift mocks a famous generals death, applying that once dead you lose all significance in the world. No matter what good or bad youve done, death is simply death. 5. The circle of life, accepting death. 1 . Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas 2. Modern 3. 6 teeters, A-B-A-B rhyme, formal/poetic diction. 4. Thomas asserts that old men should resist death as strongly as they can. In fact, hey should only leave this world kicking and screaming, furious that they have to die at all. Later finding out that the poem was really reflecting his fathers death. 5. Wisdom and knowledge, mortality, transience. 1. And the Moon and the Stars and the World by Charles Bouzoukis 2. Post-modern 3. Informal diction 4. Bouzoukis expresses the sexism in world, as well as the sensitive topics of domestic violence and abuse. 5. Fascination of madness, the brutality of humans. 1 . The Sonnet-ballad by Gondolas Brooks 2. Post-modern 4. Brooks reveals a womans perspective from when her lover goes to war, only to see hat the woman makes it seem he went to another woman. She is on a search for happiness while he is away. 5. Divinity, the reality of war. 1 . Is/Not by Margaret Atwood 3. 11 couplets, informal diction, free verse. 4. Atwood speaks about the conflict of love and finding love. 5. Heartbreak, inner- struggle, exploration of love. 3. 6 notes, informal diction, free verse, tone shifts dramatically from Joy to lamentation, assonance, 4. Thomas urges the world to reminisce their past and childhood memories, taking in the blissful nostalgia as much as they can. 5. Youth, happiness, foolishness and folly, the rapid growth of life.

Merchant Essays - Italian Films, Orientalism, The Merchant Of Venice

Merchant Of Venice Stereotypes in "The Merchant of Venice" "Dumb jocks! ", "Women don't belong there, doing that!", "He must be a criminal, just look at his clothes." How often have we heard somebody mention these things, yet, how often have we said something similar? Our society is based on face values where we categorize people because of a few actions. All of the above statements are prejudicial notions used to define members of a social or an ethnic group, and are called stereotypes. Stereotypes are explored greatly in the Shakespeare play "The Merchant Of Venice", as most of the main characters are looked upon with a stereotypical point of view. However Not all of the main characters are, some take a different perspective and are a completely different breed of character compared to the others. A good example of a stereotypical character in "The Merchant of Venice" would be Shylock. Shylock is a Jew, and in this time period, Jews where used mainly as loan officials. The stereotype that he is placed with is that of a Jew, or as it was seen back then. While the character Portia is a good example of a character that hasn't been implemented with any stereotypes. Some of the play's characters have some stereotypical aspect about them. Antonio is the main character, and is affected by stereotypes. He is noble, rich, high class, dominant and couldn't care less for the Jew and always wants to make a buck. This was the stereotype for a rich businessman, and this is how the audience views Antonio. " You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, And spit upon my Jewish gabardine," (A1, S3, Ln103-104) Here Shylock is telling us what Antonio has done to him in the past, which shows that Antonio is both a snob and high class, as he looks down upon the Jew and spits on his clothes. "... I thank my fortune for it, ...Upon the fortune of this present year: Therefore my merchandise makes me not sad" (A1, S1, Ln41-45) Here Antonio is expressing his sadness for his ships that are at see. He is sad because he is unsure if they will return bringing him his riches or if that they will sink on their mission. This is when the audience is first shown his greed and businessman like attitude. His nobility is shown well in the courtroom scene. "For Herein Fortune shows herself more kind Than is her custom: it is still her use To let wretched man outlive his wealth" (A4, S1, Ln263-265) Antonio is saying that it was fate's choice to let him die here, and he has accepted that. This shows his nobility, as he is ready to accept defeat to the Jew and receive his punishment, instead of trying to wriggle out of it. Another character that is also very stereotypical is Shylock, the villainous Jew. He is a man who is sought after only for a loan, as it was only Jews who could give loans and receive interest. Shylock's character of cunning, evil and mischievous man was the stereotype of a Jew back then. This is how Shylock is portrayed through out the play. " Fair sir, you spat on me Wednesday last, You spurned me such a day, another time You called me dog: and for these courtesies I'll lend you thus much monies." (A1, S3, Ln118-121) Many people would ask the question, why would someone in Shylock's position want to give anything to a person who has treated them as badly as Antonio. However, under the interest free bond that Shylock has created with Antonio lies a need for revenge so great that Shylock will do anything to take the life of Antonio. This shows how cunning and mischievous he is as he then agrees and instead of paying interest, if Antonio is late, he will pay a pound of flesh. " Expressed in the condition, let forfeit Be nominated for an equal pound Of you fair flesh, to be cut off and taken" (A1, S3, Ln141-143) This again shows his cunning and corrupt character. Although both Antonio and Shylock and both stereotyped in the play, there are some characters that are not stereotyped. The best example of this is Portia. Back in Shakespeare's time, the woman was stereotyped as being obedient they also never usually were expected to do anything socially of any real importance. And although Portia is partly a stereotyped character with the fact that she follows her father wishes in that the person she marries

Supporting Big Bang essays

Supporting Big Bang essays Science has hypothesized that the universe was created by a big bang. By researching stars and fossil records scientists have claimed that the earth is much older than it is said to be in the creation theory. The creation theory says that the universe is only several thousand years old, but carbon dating has shown that fossils on earth are millions of years old thus disproving part of the creation theory with evidence. There is another reason scientists think that the creation theory is wrong. If the universe was a small ball of matter then outside of this small ball of matter was void. The creation theory says that the universe was created by a supreme being, but there is nowhere that this being could have come from. Other dimensions can only exist inside the universe. If there had been no universe then there is no where that this supreme being could have come from. ...

To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay Example

To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay Example To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay Essay Topic: Literature In this essay I will explain who I feel is most responsible for Eva Smiths death, by examining each characters contribution to the tragedy. I will also illustrate to what extent her death can be blamed on the society she lived in. In 1912 the society in which Eva Smith lived was very strict with a class system that split England up into wealthy and poor people with no classes dividing them. The sailing of the titanic was one of the feature points for that year. The navy was unchallenged and there were no help from the state to support the poor, no DHSS or NHS and the average life expectancy was around 46. There were advances in technology mass media being one, the developing of motorcars was introduced but only available for those who were rich enough to afford one. Trade unions had also started to gain power in the society, there were strikes from coal miners about work costs and conditions and the campaign for womens rights had begun. I will demonstrate what I think Mr Arthur Birling had to do with the death. He is a pompous, self-serving business man who seems to have a high opinion of himself. Mr Birling states for lower costs and higher prices. From this quote you can tell that all he is interested in is his business, money and himself and couldnt care less about anyone or anything. He also says I gather that there is a very good chance of knight hood this also tells us he is snobby and vain, and thinks his stature and class make him the best and his knighthood is what he really cares about. When the Inspector starts to ask him questions about Eva Smith he seems to remember her quite well and gives the Inspector a lot of information about her, he even said himself that she was a good worker. And was told by the leading operator in his factory that she was ready for promotion. He told the Inspector that it all started to go wrong for her when she came back from holiday in August, he said that her attitude had changed quite dramatically and she seemed rather restless within herself. Then out of no-where Eva and a group of girls asked Mr Birling for a pay rise of twelve and a half shillings, so that they could average twenty-five shillings a week. He had refused their demand and told them that it was a free country and if they wanted to go and work somewhere else they could. He basically was telling them they were sacked and to go and find another job. The women then decided to go on strike but as Mr Birling told us that the strike didnt last for long maybe a week or two, as they were all broke. At this time there were no work benefits so the workers had no help and just did what they were told to do. There was a class system and because the workers were lower class they had to respect their superiors i. e. their bosses. That was the last Mr Birling had seen or heard of Eva smith. I feel that Mr Birling is mainly to blame, as he had started a chain of reactions from sacking Eva. Sheila Birling. She is a pretty young girl in her early twenties; she is also well educated and has a rather pleasant and excited outlook on life. You can tell this from the beginning of the book, where the family are having dinner, Sheilas language and behaviour shows us that she was brought up in a high class way, the words she uses also state this like I should jolly well think not and she refers to her parents as mummy and daddy. Just from these two quotes it shows you that she has be taught proper English, she uses this throughout out the book. This also relates to class, as your upbringing depended on what class you where from. At first Sheila acts innocent and concerned as she is unaware of whom they are talking about. She thinks her dad is responsible for the girls death as he had taken her job away from her. Shelia is obviously concerned as she starts to ask the Inspector questions like what was she like, quite young? And when the Inspector tells her how old she was she asks the Inspector more questions like was she pretty? The name Eva Smith pops up again but still Sheila doesnt realise who it is, Sheila asks the Inspector what happened to the girl, after her Father had sacked her. The Inspector tells her that she had gone to work in a shop called Milwards a shop that Sheila had been going to of late. They carry on talking about Evas time at Milwards and then Sheila starts to realise that she might have met and had something to do with this girls death, so she asks the Inspector what she looked like. The Inspector took out a photograph from his pocket and showed it to Sheila, she noticed the face of this girl from one day at Milwards. Sheila then told the Inspector and the others what had happened between them. After Sheila tells the Inspector this she feels totally to blame and gets upset and if I could help her now I would this shows us that Sheila is sorry even though she is too late. But when the Inspector starts to ask more questions she then realises that her Father and her werent the only ones who had something to do with this girl. But out of all the characters she is the only person to show emotion towards Eva so I think that Sheila is still partly to blame but only due to her actions in Milwards. Now I will write about Gerald Croft, he is an attractive, well-bred chap about thirty and is the man-about-town. He met Eva when she had changed her name to Daisy Renton in the Stalls bar at the Palace Variety Theatre he said that I went down to the bar for a drink this shows he had no intentions of meeting anyone, only to have a nice quite drink he also claimed that Daisy looked young, fresh and charming and he saw that Alderman Meggarty had wedged her into a corner with his obscene fat carcass this girl had given him a look as though it was a cry for help, he decide to go and tell Alderman Meggarty that the manager had a message for him and him and girl then left. The night didnt end there though because they went onto the County Hotel a quieter place to drink, Eva didnt get drunk as it says she only had a port and lemonade which also shows that he never got her drunk and had no thought of to either. Heres where they arranged to meet again. Gerald allowed Daisy to survive a little longer. He was very generous to Daisy, providing her with enough money to survive and also free accommodation. Although he did eventually desert her, Daisy was prepared for this as their classes were very different Gerald was a wealthy upper class man and she was a lower class working women, in that time people were expected to know their place in society, so people from different classes were not allowed to get involved with each other as they would have been frowned upon by people in power due to the class system, and it was not as big a blow as her dismissal thanks to Sheila or the consequences of her later relationship with Eric. I believe that his initial intentions were good and he did not set out to have Daisy as his mistress, only wishing to free her from old Joe Meggarty A notorious womaniser. Gerald explains that after he had rescued her, he deliberately met Daisy a second time I discovered, not that night but Throughout this explanation Sheila seems relatively calm, considering the situation. She often adds sarcastic remarks such as Well we didnt think he meant Buckingham Palace. As already stated, I do not consider Gerald played a major part in Evas death but still contributed to it. When questioned by the Inspector, Mrs Sybil Birling immediately proclaims her innocence, denying she had anything to do with Eva Smith or Daisy Renton. The Inspector seems to carry out his duties in a most unusual manner and although the rest of the family seem quite aware of this, Mrs Birling seems totally unaware of his methods. Initially she is relaxed with an easy tone but after continual interruptions by Sheila with phrases like Mother, stop! she becomes very agitated wanting to prove her innocence. At one point she tries to intimidate the Inspector, in a similar manner to that of her husband, by commenting on the fact that they are upper class to get at the Inspector You know of course that my husband was Lord Mayor only two years ago this shows that she knows that she is going to have to explain what happened between her and Eva so she tries in every possible manner to o utwit the Inspector. Mrs Birling should have been less hasty in her judgement of Eva. Because she hadnt even met the girl and by giving her a second chance she could have saved the girls life. But Mrs Birling judged her on first impressions and I think that for a woman of her stature to do a thing like that is wrong. She should have know not to Judge a book by its cover but have at least talked to her before making a judgement on that note I think that this could have been the point that threw Eva over the edge and made her want to kill herself. Finally Eric, a man in his early twenties not a relaxed person half shy and half assertive. He is the person I believe to carry most of the blame; he could have been more honourable in many respects. (Like he could have ask her to marry him even though the class system wouldnt have allowed it, he shouldnt of stole money to give to her as this was the wrong way to give her some money, he shouldnt have got drunk and had a one night stand in the first place as this was frowned upon in the middle and upper classes. This was because the superiors thought that there shouldnt a mix in classes and they should be kept apart and to stay that way. When he comes in he knows that everybody knows about his relationship with Eva but still he asks who told his mother this and blames it on Sheila by saying you told her. Why you little sneak! This shows that he is trying to make out that what he had done with Eva had not come from his lips and so therefore wasnt one hundred percent true. I think that Eric is a sneaky person and the next quote shows this as his Father asks him where did you get fifty pounds from? This tells us that he had not told his Father about taking the money. He also thought that he could let Eva survive on the stolen money, but this soon changed when Eva found out and started to refuse it. When the Inspector questions him about the money he begins to try and cover his tracks as when the question you mean-you stole the money? gets asked he replies not really and tells the Inspector that he intended to pay it back This tells us that he has lied and is now trying to cover it up. Once everything about Erics and the others encounters with Eva had come out the Inspector decides to leave. Leaving them in a muddle blaming the girls death on each other. Although Eva was partly responsible for her own downfall, others were also to blame and to a certain extent, she was also a victim of circumstances in the society in which she lived. At the end of the day I cannot prove which character is most responsible for Eva Smiths death because they all have equally contributed to it. Arthur, Sheila, Gerald, Eric and Sybil are all as responsible as one another. Not at any point in Evas life did either of them take her feelings into consideration but continued to carry out their own lives, not caring for anyone except from themselves. In all Honesty I truly think that Mr Birling is the character to blame as if he never sacked Eva in the first place, then the chain of events that followed would have never happened and Eva would never have committed suicide. I feel that I have shown that everybody in the Birling household and Gerald Croft were partly to blame for Eva Smiths death. As well the society in which she lived plays a major part in her tragedy. I think that throughout the book the author is trying to put this idea across in his amazing portrayal of what could happen if we do not act as a community but as individuals. Her death was provoked by a chain of events that started with her getting sacked from two jobs then being deserted, used for sex, and then to be turned away from a helping charity. These events built up enough pressure to make her kill herself, as she did not have anything left to aim for, no job, money, turned away from help and no one to love. If Mr Birling hadnt of sacked her in the first place, then none of these other events would have happened.

Functional Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Functional Analysis - Research Paper Example and-use planners need to consider all aspects of land-use legislation, as well as the requirements of the population while developing plans for the new projects. Governments of different countries set different types of legislations for the use of land. Land-use planners should never overlook government policies because it can create problems at some point in future. Therefore, planners need to consider the legislations in order to develop acceptable land-use plans. Similarly, planners also need to study current requirements of the community in order to incorporate those requirements in the land-use plans. Planners should also design the physical layout of the community along with determining the scale of development allowed in different areas (Hunter, n.d.). Planners should also be able to understand future demands of the area around the land, which needs to be developed. The reason is that future may bring a need for change somewhere around the planned land in the form of infrastru ctural change or change in policies related to the use of land. Therefore, planners must be able to forecast those changes in order to develop such plans, which should meet both current and future demands of organizations and

Community Oriented Policing Program Research Paper

Community Oriented Policing Program - Research Paper Example Since the implementation of the community-oriented policing, there have been significant changes with the organization of policing in United States. The effectiveness of the community-oriented policing has been attributed to various factors. Community-oriented policing breaks down the barriers separating the community from the police, while at the same time instilling a wider set of community ideals to the police officers (Dempsey & Forst, 2010). Organizationally, community-oriented policing shifted the police policy making from a traditional officialdom to one that stresses on greater environmental-organizational association and coordination. Concurrently, the change to the use of community-oriented policing came along with the crushing of the police hierarchy and the establishment of the harmonized service delivery with a huge number of private and public agencies that impact on the neighborhood safety (Oliver, 2008). These factors have contributed to the effectiveness of community -oriented policing in the reduction of crime in the society.Engaging the CommunityCommunity-oriented policing has from its onset sought to involve the community in public safety matters while establishing and solidifying the ability of the society to fight crime. For example, Operation Weed and Seed stresses on generating an active and noticeable police incidence to impact distressed communities and at the same time do capacity building in the same communities to sustain the benefits once attained (Rogers, 2009).

Criminal Sentencing Essay Example for Free

Criminal Sentencing Essay A basic question in criminal sentencing is â€Å"What are the purposes of criminal sentencing?†Ã‚   Scholars, too, reflect on the purposes of punishment. There are commonly four identified purposes: Retribution. The oldest but considered the most important purpose for sentencing is retribution, that is, inflicting on an offender suffering comparable to that caused by the offense. An act of social vengeance, retribution is grounded in a view of society as a system of moral balance.   When criminality upsets this balance, punishment exacted in comparable measure restores the moral order, as suggested in the biblical dictum â€Å"An eye for an eye. † While contemporary critics of retribution sometimes charge that this policy lacks the force to reform the offender, it still remains a strong justification for punishment. A second purpose for sentencing, deterrence amounts to the attempt to discourage criminality through punishment.   Initially, deterrence arose as the banner of reformers seeking to end what they saw as excessive punishments based on retribution.   Critics asked, â€Å"Why put someone to death for stealing if that crime could be discouraged with a prison sentence?†Ã‚   As the concept of deterrence in sentencing gained widespread acceptance, execution and physical mutilation of criminals were gradually replaced by milder forms of punishment such as imprisonment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two types of deterrence, specific deterrence demonstrates to the   individual offender that crime does not pay while in general deterrence, the  punishment of one person serves as an example to others. Rehabilitation. The third purpose for sentencing, rehabilitation, involves reforming the offender to preclude subsequent offenses.   It resembles deterrence by motivating the offender to conform.   But rehabilitation emphasizes constructive improvement while deterrence and retribution make the offender suffer.   In addition, while retribution demands that the punishment fit the crime, rehabilitation focuses on the distinctive problems of each offender.   Thus identical offenses would call for similar acts of retribution but different programs of rehabilitation. Social protection. A final purpose for sentencing is social protection, or rendering an offender incapable of further offenses either temporarily through incarceration or permanently by execution. Like deterrence, social protection is a rational approach to punishment and seeks to protect society from crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The different forms of sentencing used in different jurisdictions include institutional sanctions—time to be served in prison or jail; and noninstitutional sanctions—fines and forfeiture of the proceeds of crime, and service of the sentence in the community in the form of probation or parole. Recently the arsenal of punishments has been considerably enlarged by the creation of mixed sanctions and alternatives to either institutional or noninstitutional sanctions. The following are the variety of options for sentencing: Death penalty. In thirty-six states (as well as the federal courts), courts may impose a sentence of death for any offense designated a capital crime, for example, first-degree murder. Incarceration. The defendant may be sentenced to serve a term in a local jail, state prison, or federal prison. Probation. The defendant may be sentenced to a period of probationary supervision   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   within the community. Split sentence. A judge may split the sentence between a period of incarceration and a period of probation. Restitution. An offender may be required to provide financial reimbursement to cover the cost of a victim’s losses. Community service. An offender may be required to spend a period of time performing public service work. Fine. An offender may be required to pay a certain sum of money as a penalty and/or as an alternative to or in conjunction with incarceration. This leads us to the next question, â€Å"What are some reforms that have been proposed? A recent reform growing out of the victims’ rights movement in the sentencing process is the consideration of statements by the victim, known as â€Å"victim impact statements† (VIS). Twenty-six states have mandated the use of VIS in criminal cases, while another twenty-two states have adopted so-called â€Å"victim bills of rights† that include recognition of the right of a victim to present a VIS. In the VIS, the victim provides a statement about the extent of economic, physical, or psychological harm suffered as a result of the victimization. The victim also can make a recommendation about the type of sentence an offender should receive. Usually the VIS is incorporated into the pre-sentence investigation report written by the probation officer. Research has revealed that a judge’s choice of a sentence is influenced much more by legal considerations than by victim preferences in cases where VIS has been presented (McGarrell, 1999). The third reform proposal is â€Å"restorative justice.† Restorative justice has been a feature of justice systems for a long time, though it was little used until a group of criminologists in the United States and the Commonwealth countries brought the idea back to life. The term restorative justice was virtually unknown a decade ago, and it is still in search of a commonly accepted meaning. Yet, the literature related to this subject has grown rapidly, so that we venture to define it in terms offered by Howard Zehr, published in a symposium of The Justice Professional, entitled â€Å"Criminology as Peacemaking.† Zehr provides contrasting paradigms between the traditional, retributive sense of justice and the newly emerging (or reemerging) restorative sense of justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the proposed reform of restorative justice were adopted, where would that leave us with respect to the traditional â€Å"aims† or â€Å"justifications† of criminal justice? As to retribution (or just desserts), we would still be limited to never imposing an obligation (sanction) that outweighs the harm done. As to incapacitation, even the staunchest advocates of restorative justice recognize that some offenders are far too dangerous to be returned to the community and that their separation from the community is necessary. But the prison population could be vastly reduced. As to resocialization or rehabilitation, the very idea is built into restorative justice, which aims at   Ã‚  restoring the community. Some of the current issues in federal sentencing according to the U.S. Sentencing Commission at https://www.ussc.gov. are the following: The issue on the amendment pertaining to offenses involving cocaine base (crack) and the amendment pertaining to certain criminal history rules, see 72 FR 28558 (May   21, 2007); 72 FR 51882 (September 11, 2007), should be applied retroactively to previously sentenced defendants. The issue of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the and the United States Sentencing Commission has decided to establish a standing victim’s advisory group pursuant to   28 U.S.C.  § 995 and Rule 5.4 of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure. It was stated that the purpose of the advisory group is (1) to assist the Commission in carrying out its statutory responsibilities under 28 U.S.C.  § 994(o); (2) to provide the Commission its views on the Commission’s activities as they relate to victims of crime; (3) to   disseminate information regarding sentencing issues to organizations represented by the   Ã‚  advisory group and to other victims of crime and victims advocacy groups, as appropriate; and (4) to perform any other functions related to victims of crime as the Commission requests. The victims’ advisory group will consist of not more than 9 members, each of whom may serve not more than two consecutive 3-year terms. The issue on New Yorks Rockefeller laws to curb the drug trade – which directly contributed to a dramatic increase in the states prison population costing the state millions of dollars, but failing to impact drug trafficking. According to a New York   Times editorial, â€Å"New York has made incremental changes to the Rockefeller laws in recent years, but has stopped short of restoring judicial discretion.† A governor-appointed commission charged with studying state sentencing practices, however, has produced a report calling for the end of â€Å"indeterminate sentencing† – the process by which a judge imposes a minimum and a maximum sentence and the Parole Board decides when to release an offender. It further suggests that nonviolent offenders be considered for community-based treatment instead of prison. Finally, Gov. Elliot Spitzers commission recommends restoring prison-based educational and training programs as a means of helping to lower recidivism rates. The website of the Sentencing Project at http://www.sentencingproject.org. mission is to promote reforms in sentencing law and practice, and alternatives to incarceration through their advocacy and research. Moreover, the Sentencing Project provides defense lawyers with sentencing advocacy training and to reduce the reliance on incarceration. Hence, the Sentencing Project has become the leader in the effort to bring national attention to disturbing trends and inequities in the criminal justice system with a successful formula that includes the publication of groundbreaking research, aggressive media campaigns and strategic advocacy for policy reform. As a result of The Sentencing Projects research, publications and advocacy, many people know that this country is the worlds leader in incarceration, that one in three young black men is under control of the criminal justice system, that five million Americans cant vote because of felony convictions, and that thousands of women and children have lost welfare, education and housing benefits as the result of convictions for minor drug offenses.   Thus, the Sentencing Project is dedicated to changing the way Americans think about crime and punishment which coincide with the interests of the National Association of Sentencing Advocates. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGarrell, E.F. Restorative Justice Conferences.   Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute, 1999; Edmund F. McGarrell, â€Å"Cutting Crime through Police-Citizen Cooperation,† American Outlook, Spring 1998, pp. 65–67. The Sentencing Project at http://www.sentencingproject.org. U.S. Sentencing Commission Available at https://www.ussc.gov. Zehr, H.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Justice as Restoration, Justice as Respect,†The Justice Professional 11,   Ã‚  Ã‚   nos. 1–2 (1998), pp. 71–87.

Organ Transplant Essay -- Health, Diseases, Organ Donation

An organ transplant is a surgical operation conducted to replace an organ unable to function properly with a new one. An organ, in turn, is an accumulation of cells and tissues gathered to perform the functions of body. Therefore, any part of the body which acts as a performer of specific function is called an organ. There are two possible ways of how the organ donation (OD) can take place. The first is the donation of cadaveric organs (organs from recently deceased people). The decision to donate in this way requires the consent of a person in the form of an indication on the driver license, like in the USA (Gruessner, Benedetti, 2008, 54) or health care document as an organ donor card, in Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, for example (Hareyan, 2007). The second option is the organ donation from the living person. This usually occurs in regard to the close people who need an organ, but also takes place in regard to strangers. Although procedure of organ donation developed rapidly in the recent half a century, it can hardly be claimed good enough to manage supply and demand, well-organized and perfect (World Health Organization, 2010). The dramatic character of the situation can be revealed in the statistics of the waiting list for organs, for example kidney. To understand whether the mismatch of supply and demand for organs have sharpened over time, it would be useful to look at the state of affairs in a particular region, such as EU, for instance. There was a significant increase in the demand for kidney in the EU: from 1980s with just above 2000 candidates to 11082 in 2008. Meanwhile, the amount of transplants which have taken place also increased, but not so profoundly: from 1000 (only from deceased donors) to 4000 (from living an... ... organs can be injected in human body to perform the functions of human body’s organ. But there is a critique to this option as there is no guarantee that artificial organs can be an effective substitute the human organs and there is a probability of the next operations which will be needed to normalize the body condition and to reduce the possible rejection (ibid). Nonetheless, if there is even no trial on how to improve the state of affairs, there is a low chance on progress and future success in this sphere. Consequently, the practice of new methods of treatment can ensure the needed effects and identify possible problems, which then, can be avoided in the real operations. The work of the specialists in the Center for Bioethics might demonstrate that there can be several ways of how to increase organ donation rates to diminish current weaknesses in this sphere.

Law of Carriage by Rail Essay

1) a) Explain how the making of the contract between the consignor and the railway station can exist? The contract between the consignor and the railway company will existing when the railway company has accepted the goods for carriage from the consignor and together with the consignment note make by consignor. The acceptance will be established with the consignment note and will be stamp of the forwarding station. The consignment note is made by the consignor with three copy, each copy for each carriage freight, and the content of the consignment note are correspond with all the terms and condition that was agreed by the Rules. When the consignment note had been made by the consignor and was being stamped by the forwarding station, the consignment note will be an evidence of the making contract between the consignor and the railway station or forwarding station, the content that stated in the consignment shall be correspond or exactly same with the consignor with railway station previously agreed. The responsible of the consignor is extraordinary of the consignment note, which may in accordance with the agreement between consignor and the railway company. In the consignment note was related to the goods such as quantity of the goods or to the amount of packages shall only be evidence against the railway when it had been verified by the railway to regulate that is not any deviation with the particular of the consignment note and has be certified in the consignment note. If that was any necessary these particulars may be verified by other means or it was obvious that there is no actual insufficiency corresponding to the discrepancy between the quantity or amount of packages and the particulars in the consignment note, the latter shall not be evidence alongside the railway. This shall apply in particular when the carriage is handed over to the consignee with the original stamps complete. After the railway company has verified the goods, and they shall to certify a receipt that include the date of acceptance of the carriage and stamped on the consignment note before it was duplicated to the consignor. The railway shall declare acceptance of the goods and the date of acceptance for carriage by assigning the date stamp to or else making the entry on the duplicate of the consignment note before compensating the duplicate to the consignor. The duplicate will not have influence as the consignment note complementary the goods, nor as a bill of lading. Grand Trunk Railway Co. of Canada v. McMillan [1889] In this case is the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada as defendant and Robert McMillan as plaintiff. The fact in the case is the railway company have the contract with Robert McMillan, which is a contact for carriage of the goods and it was go beyond of the station of line. The railway company undertakes to carry goods to a point beyond the station of its own line its contract is for carriage of the goods over the whole transit. However the other companies which over of the line they must pass are merely agents of the contracting company for such carriage, and it was in no private of contract with the transporter. In addition, such a contract being one which a railway company may refuse to enter into the contact, it is because of according to section 104 of the Railway Act it does not prevent from restrict the liability for negligence as carriers or else in respect to the goods to be carried after they had gone from its own line. Moreover, inside the contract have a condition from the Grand Trunk Railway Company (defendants), it was stated, they carry the goods form Toronto to Portage la Prairie, Man., it was a place that beyond the station of their line, and the company shall not be responsible for any loss, damage or delay and detention that may happen to goods sent by them. If that has be happen (loss, damage or delay and detention) after said the goods had arrived at the stations or places on their line nearest to the points or places which they were committed to or beyond their held limits. Furthermore for the condition of the contract is provided that no claim for loss, damage, delay or detention of goods should be allowed unless notice in writing with particulars and it was given to the station agent at or nearby to the place of delivery within thirty-six hours after delivery of the goods in order to the claim that was made. The held in this case is because of the condition are not relieve with the company from the liability for the loss and damage that happened during the goods in transit, even if the loss, damage, delay or detention had happened beyond the limits of the company in that own line. As well as the loss having occurred after the transit was over, and the goods delivered at Portage la Prairie, and the liability of the company as carriers having ceased, this condition reduced the contract to one of mere bailment as soon as the goods were delivered, and also exempted the company from liability as warehousemen, and the goods were from that time in keeping of the company on whose line Portage la Prairie was place and it was as an bailees for the goods. That a plea setting up non-compliance with this condition having been demurred to, and the plaintiff not having appealed against a judgment over-ruling the demurrer, the question as to the sufficiency in law of the defense was res judicata. Likewise for the part of the consignment having been lost such notice should have been given in respect to the same within thirty-six hours after the delivery of the goods which arrived in safety. Finally it was be an action against the Grand Trunk Railway Co. and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company jointly for damages caused by injury to the plaintiff’s goods that carry on the Grand Trunk for carriage of goods from Toronto to Manitoba. The goods were only carried by the Grand Trunk over a portion of the route and by the Canadian Pacific from Winnipeg to the place of consignment, and they were in the actual ownership of the latter company when injured. And because of the damage to the goods was not disputed, but the defendants claimed that they were carried under a special contract, by the terms of which they were relieved from liability. b) Briefly explain the party that have the liability to be liable under the carriage by rail? The rail carrier has the liability to be liable for the loss, damage or any delay of the goods that who was under CMR. According to Article 55 is provided that the railways may bring an action to forwarding railway. That is for claim against the railways company due to arising of loss, damage or delay of the goods, and is an action that for reclamation of totality of funded under the contact of carriage of goods might be taken against the railways which have composed that totality or against to railways on behalf it was collected. Based on Article of 54, that is the action against the railways might be brought by the consignor. If any happen action arising from the contact of carriage of goods, the action might brought by consignor until the consignee was take a proprietorship of the consignment note, accepted the goods from the consignor, or declared he has the right to deliver the goods. Or the action against the railways also can brought by the consignee, when the consignee are take a possession of the consignment note, accepted the goods, declared his right or he had been provided that he has the right of action that shall be quenched from the time when a person was entitled by the consignee. However, if they might brought an action against the railways, consignor shall to produce the duplicate of the consignment note, because that will be an evidence that he produce an authorisation from the consignee or deliver resistant that the consignee has refused to accept the consignment note, or the consignee shall to produce the consignment note if it has been furnished terminated to him. In addition, that Article of 36 that is the extent of the liability. The railways has a number of exclusion from the liability. In fact the railways shall to be liable for the loss, damage or delay of the goods, and occasioning from the total or some of the partial of loss, damage or delay from the consignor or between the time that had acceptance for carried out the goods loading and the time delivery and inherent vice of the goods such as defective packaging, decay of the goods or wastage. The railway company shall be relieved of such liability when the loss, damage or delays or the goods that had carried, due by the cause of fault on part of the person entitled, or by the person that entitled other than as result of a fault on the part of the railway which the railway could not avoided and which is unable to prevent the consequence. For instance, under the agreement between the consignor and the railway in the consignment note, the goods should be under the condition that applicable that had been stated in consignment note, any absence or lack of the filler of the good which by their nature shall be liable to loss or damage when the goods was not packed or not be properly packed, or defective loading that had been carried by the consignor, any irregular, incorrect or any incomplete description of the article not been acceptable for carriage or acceptable matter to conditions or failure on part of the consignor to observe the prescribed protections in respect of article acceptable matter to conditions, or the carriage of the live animal and what stated in the consignment note must be accompanied by any attendant, if the loss, damage or delay of the goods had been resulted in the risk of the attendant was intended to obviate, all the circumstance, the railway shall be relieved of the liability when it was cause in resulted in loss, damage or delay of the goods. For example in the case of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. v. Canadian National Railway Co., Rainbow Industrial Caterers Ltd. v. Canadian National Railway Co., [1991], see as well the case of Grand Trunk Railway Co. of Canada v. McMillan [1889]. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. v. Canadian National Railway Co. In this case the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd is the plaintiff and Canadian National Railway Company is the defendant in the cases. The fact in the case was as an import of a train derailment cargo owned by the plaintiff was severely damaged. The cargo was being accepted under a â€Å"Master Transportation Agreement† between the plaintiff and Fujitrans as a freight forwarder. The goods made in Japan and were carried by sea to Vancouver where it was discharged for further carriage to Ontario by rail. Furthermore, the defendant rail carrier assumed, pursuant to Section 137(1) of the Canada Transportation Act, S.C. 1996 and an agreement between Casco, another freight forwarder, that it was entitled to limit its liability to $50,000. However the rail carrier was entitled to limit his liability. The held in the case is which is the right of the defendant as a rail carrier to limit its liability depends on it establishing the existence of a â€Å"confidential contract† under ss. 126 and 137 of the Canada Transportation Act that is a â€Å"written agreement signed by the shipper† and that contains a limitation of liability. The â€Å"shipper† within the meaning of the Canada Transportation Act in the circumstances of this case was Casco not the plaintiff. In addition, the requirement of a â€Å"signed† copy of the agreement does not necessarily require that an actual contracted copy be produced. In this case, the existence of signed consignment of the agreement was sufficient. The plaintiff impliedly or expressly agreed to and authorized the subcontracting by Fujitrans to Casco and by Casco to the rail carrier. Moreover, the plaintiff had express awareness of the terms of the agreement between Casco and the rail carrier. Accordingly, the plaintiff is guaranteed by the limitation even without any private of contract between it and the rail carrier. Rainbow Industrial Caterers Ltd. v. Canadian National Railway Co., [1991] In this case the Rainbow Industrial Caterers Ltd as an appellant however Canadian National Railway Company as a defendant in the cases. The fact in the cases is actually they have two different industrial caterers, both of them is from Albert and in BC, and they was joined and administer as one entity that called as â€Å"Rainbow†. Canadian National Railway Company decided to call for tender for the catering of the meals and service for all the work of crews on a nation-wide basis for the good weather work period in 1985. It had estimated that 1,092,500 meals that will be required. Canadian National Railway Company was notified to Rainbow that the meals are total expected to be 85% of the values listed in the tender document, after the Rainbow was made the bids at $4.94 per meal. It was caused the Rainbow was to increase its bid to $5.02 per meals. As a result that the Rainbow was accumulate that it was losses month by month, because of the number that the meals required was very less than the number given as by the Canadian National Railway Company, and it was caused the Rainbow lost about $1,000,000 on the contact and sued to Canadian National Railway Company. Rainbow was brought an action in tort on the basis of negligent misstatement and misrepresentation in the contact. It is mean that was a breach of the contact and negligent misstatement. The held in the cases is the appellant is looking for the damages in an action for the negligent of misrepresentation is entitled to be put in the position, which if the misrepresentation had not been made. Thus, in tort of action the object is to put the appellant in the position that would have been in if the tort had not been committed. The position would have been is a matter that the appellant must to establish on a balance of the probabilities. However the Canadian National Railway Company was argue that the much of the losses was not caused by the negligent misrepresentation and would have been suffered even had the estimated was accurate. Canadian National Railway Company position is that the losses caused by the conduct that cannot be recoverable in the misrepresentation claim. But, the Canadian National Railway Company is bore the burden of proving the Rainbow would have a bid even if the estimate had been accurate. That was not being proved and it is taken as a fact that the Rainbow would not have to contract had the estimate been accurate. The conduct would not have occurred if there had been no contracted and these losses are causally and directly connected to the contract and the contact is causally connected to the negligent misrepresentation. Finally, this damage was foreseeable and there are not remote. The court was not satisfied that the Rainbow would have entered into the contract in the absence of the misrepresentation, so the damages claimed by the Rainbow were predictable. Furthermore the appellant may compete that all its losses on the contract were caused by the negligent misrepresentation but if it is shown that the loss was caused by factors other than the misrepresentation, and then the chain of causation is broken down. Generally, the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case by proving losses resulting from the contract. But the defendant may demonstrate that the chain of causation was broken by. For instance that the appellant was acts in own, the acts of third parties, or other factors disparate to the circuitous misrepresentation. Tort responsibility is based on mistake, and losses not caused by the defendant’s fault cannot be charged to it. It is for the appellant in constricting to make appropriate allowance for contingency such as conditions. The plaintiff may also have claim against third parties who cause it loss. To strengthen, the plaintiffs’ losses may have been caused by the respondent in negligent misrepresentation, or other wrongful acts or omissions of the respondent, whether in negligence or breach of contract and the plaintiffs’ acts or errors, the acts of third parties, factors unrelated to the faulted either the plaintiffs or the defendant. Trial judge wrongly held that all the appellant contract losses must be certified to and made no findings with respect to the other potential, in spite of the fact that the defendant Canadian National Railway Company led verification on them. These findings must be made if fairness is to be done.

Virginia vs. Massachusetts

Shayma Hammad History 1301, Monday Wednesday 11:00-12:20 Dr. Snaples December 3rd, 2012 Debate Paper This essay explains and shows the differences between the Virginia colony and the Massachusetts colony. People all over Europe started coming down to the â€Å"new world† (America), they came to the new world for many reasons such as land, food, religion and much more. Before I start to contrast between the 2 colonies I’m going to give a general background on them. Massachusetts was established in 1620 and Virginia was established in 1607.Virginia’s colony was Jamestown and Massachusetts was Salem and Boston. Virginia was located in the southern colony, it also offered land. Tobacco was a profitable crop, so John Rolfe took seeds and planted them in Virginia; because of this Virginia became an economic purpose. Virginia settled by men so Virginia dies out and this caused women to immigrate. Virginia was not a religious country and people ran away from Virginia bec ause they were in debt and did not want to be a servant. The society in Virginia compared to Massachusetts are very different.Virginia economics were based on a cash crop industry. The London Company bought Virginia they believed that there were metals in America so they sent a group of settlers to Jamestown. In 1619 the House of Burgesses was formed, which made Virginia a strong democracy. Jamestown became the first English colony. Later on the colony began to collapse due to disease and starvation but they expanded their colony with the arrival of tobacco, slaves and servants. Massachusetts established religious purpose: Puritans and separatists.Since the puritans were really religious people in Massachusetts had to attend church, and some of the people were tied to a religion that they may not agree with. It is based on the Puritan worship and religion Satan and the Catholic Church was the worst for puritans. The Puritans established Harvard University they loved education. Relig ion was much less significant in Virginia unlike in Massachusetts. The puritans believed that science is religion because it explains God. They also believed that God does not like poor people and they did not like handicapped people.Massachusetts also brings family; unlike Virginia who brought only men at first. Massachusetts also didn’t spread out like Virginia did. Massachusetts was a self governing colony Virginia and Massachusetts did not provide freedom for their people. The puritans in Massachusetts expected their people to follow their beliefs and they were very strict on you, even though Virginia was not a religious colony you still did not have freedom because you were either going to be a servant or a slave. The life expectancy in Massachusetts was much better than Virginia because in Virginia a lot of people died and suffered from diseases and salvation.

Enlightened Despots essays

Enlightened Despots essays Why do you think Joseph II of Austria, Catherine II of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia earned the title of Enlightened Despots? Joseph II of Austria, Catherine II of Russia, and Frederic II of Prussia all made reforms and changes that were ideas of the Enlightenment. They all wanted to further their country and increase the peoples rights. They were called Enlightened Despots and were rulers who tried to justify their absolute rule by getting the peoples interest. They did this through good laws, fair taxes, improving society, and overall promoting human happiness. Philosophers like Voltaire encouraged and even instructed these enlightened despots. Voltaire believed change had to come from above, the monarchs, and not from the people. The enlightened rules of Prussia, Russia, and Austria were able to combine their need for an effective monarch with the need for economic, educational, and social reform. Some of the most noted enlightened despots were Joseph II of Austria, Catherine II of Russia, and Frederick the Great of Prussia. Frederick the Great was King of Prussia and invited Voltaire to his court to find knowledge about how to rule his people in Enlightened ways. Frederick made many social reforms that were toward Enlightenment ideals. He did away with the torture system of accused criminals. He improved the educational system and provided education to most everybody. Education was a major idea in the Enlightenment and was supposed to be observed. Toleration and freedom of religion were very important. Voltaire was especially strong in his position about freedom of religion and toleration. He wrote many books about it, like Candide. Frederick allowed his subjects to believe in whatever religion they desired. Frederick promoted industry, agriculture, and commerce. With the assistance of French experts, he reorganized the system of indirect taxes, which soon provided the state with more revenue ...

7 Proven Ways to Manage Stress at Work

7 Proven Ways to Manage Stress at Work Stress. I have it, you have it, we all keep sending it around and around like that nasty cold everyone in your office got last month. Stress is one of the biggest culprits in workplace dissatisfaction- and more than that, it takes its toll on your health and well-being. Who needs that? Here are seven ways to counteract some of the stress that pops up in your everyday life. Treat YourselfSure, a Rolex would be nice, but not terribly feasible for most of us. You know what you can do instead? Take half an hour to treat yourself to a latte. Block out an evening to go see that movie you’ve been eyeing for weeks. Anything that breaks the routine and lets you do something you enjoy works here.DIY AromatherapyStudies have shown that fruit scents (especially green apple) can lessen pain in migraine sufferers. Fruits like apples and citrus are great for calming nerves. Also, herbal scents like peppermint, eucalyptus, rosemary, and lavender often have calming, anti-depressant effects. If your local farmer’s market isn’t in season (or if you’d feel weird skulking around the produce section of your local grocery store, sniffing everything in sight), a nice candle and a few quick moments of deep breathing can help get you back to your happy place when things are hairy.Beach StaycationYou’re on a calm, sandy beach, watching the waves. Is that a dolphin frolicking in the distance? Some gentle gull calls in the distance? Watching something repetitive like waves can help your brain zone out and decompress. The tropical vacation may not be an option right now, but you can find some good temporary (and indoor solutions).Find a Leafy FriendDid you ever do that science experiment when you were a kid, where you see whether plants grow better when they’re talked to? Well, regardless of whether the plant does better, having a plant on your desk can help you de-stress at work. Studies have shown that adding some greenery can lower one’s b lood pressure. Plus, the occasional care (watering pruning, shifting to a sunbeam) gives you a welcome distraction from the daily grind. And it’s a great option if you’re allergic to cuddlier stress-busters like pets.Pick up a Coloring BookYou may have noticed this whole â€Å"adult coloring book† trend lately. Publishers are coming out with all sorts of coloring formats for grownups, busting the conventional wisdom that coloring is a kids’ game. Coloring is great for the adult brain too†¦repetitive motions and patterns let the brain decompress.Massage Your EarsOkay, I know this one sounds weird. But massaging your ears for a minute or two releases endorphins throughout your body and promotes relaxation throughout.Cute Animal VideosIf all else fails, I dare you to stay stressed and unhappy while watching videos of adorable animals doing adorable things. YouTube is the cute animal video capital of the world, and is always great for a two minute pick-m e-up when you’re having a rough day.

Explain why,and how,an English-based Creole is being promoted in any Essay

Explain why,and how,an English-based Creole is being promoted in any one country - Essay Example Consequently, an individual’s language also undergoes the interactions with other languages existing in his surroundings and such interactions between the languages result into the structuring of a new form of language, called Pidgin that the individuals of different languages can use at their own conveniences. Such Amenities and conveniences that a Pidgin provides its speakers evolves from the amalgamation of the convenient forms and contents of both of the languages (Kachru & Nelson, 2006). Indeed a Pidgin exists to serve a particular set of purposes such as economic, political, social, religious, etc. When along the passage of social transformation a Pidgin or a set of varied Pidgins is widely used by the people of a country, a Creole happens to exist in the form of a stable language with particular grammatical rules and norms. So it is difficult to distinct the separate existence of a Creole along the Pidgin-Creole continuum (Bickerton, 1975). This paper aims to substantia te the development of a Creole in a country, particularly in Jamaica. Various linguists have defined Creole in different ways. The commonalities of these is that all of them consider a Creole as a stable language with a set of grammatical norms and rules that evolve from its prior form, Pidgin, whereas the later serves as a lingua franca used by several linguistic communities for a particular purpose. Pidgin and Creole are often described as â€Å"trade language† and â€Å"contact language† and necessarily a Creole originates from a Pidgin. As Foy (2007) says in this regard, A Creole language is usually described as the descendant of a pidgin language and created when a pidgin language acquires native speakers and develops into a mother tongue, hence the popular assertion that a Creole language is any language with a pidgin in its ancestry (p. 9). An overall analysis of the development of a Pidgin and therefore, a Creole in any region is bound to reveal

What does it mean to say a school is doing well Essay

What does it mean to say a school is doing well - Essay Example The awareness and importance of laws and regulations to be followed can only be developed in the early learning phases; hence, it is unjustified to ignore these important areas in the core policy making of educational systems (Eisner 2001). The rationalization of education system is the concept, which according to the research and my personal opinion, forms the basis of a powerful and knowledgeable future generation. The rationalization approach mainly focuses on the consequences of any educational activity. The future or goal oriented approach to education is simply a move towards a better learning environment and future outcomes. The use of the standard educational system cannot be classified as completely irrelevant to the future development or useless but the rationalized system obviously tends to be more fruitful. The goal oriented approach to education leads to a better system where education is seen as a ways of achieving goals. The schools need to be provided with clear under standing of what is expected of them rather than what is expected of the students in the future. The clear indication of the outcomes of the system, policies and instructions simply direct a person, an institution or a system towards a known goal. The achievement of those goals also motivates the people involved and help in maintaining the pace of achievements in the future. The rationalization approach is not a generalized assumption of achieving goals, but it rather provides a target-setting approach which helps in the measurement of the outcomes achieved (Eisner 2006). The targets in the educational system need to be realistic and measurable. However, the...Nowadays, the educational systems are criticized for the lack of coherency, completeness and measurability of the outcomes. This paper aims to support a reform in terms of educational systems and supports the rationalization of educational system to increase the credibility of the learnt concepts and their practical advantages being enjoyed by the larger society. It would revolve around the basic concepts that a school really requires so that it can be said that it is going well (Eisner 2001; Karen 2006). The educational systems are basically aimed at providing conceptual and theoretical knowledge to the students. These students are hence, equipped with theories, knowledge and power to use that knowledge. But this only what we expect of the educational environments and systems. The reality, however, is sometimes different. The lack of supervision on the students and the educational institutes give rise to newer and more complex problems. The students are often found to be guilty of breaking the rules of the school like rules on plagiarism, attendance, assignment submission, copying, bribery and so on. Those these appear to be a few general issues yet the implications of these issues are devastating. The recommendations of standardized testing and rationality should be analyzed as they do not form a part of the performance of school.

Case Study in Strategic Management Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

In Strategic Management - Case Study Example In the beverage industry, both Coke and Pepsi have been able to achieve their annual growth in the revenue of around 10% due to the rise in the consumption steadily, year after year. In the industry, the profits that each of the companies, Coke and Pepsi depend on each other to come up with the profits as there is stiff competitions between them (Coke, 35). The consumptions of additional more gallons than the 52 per day also brought major profits in the beverage industry despite the challenges that the industries went through. There was also the coming up with several more alternative beverage that led to the consumption of more and more profit. Based on 2009 comparative cost for United States concentrate bottler and concentrate producers had a cumulative income of thirty two percent while bottlers recorder a net income of eight per cent. Cost of Goods Sold is 0.22 dollars per concentrate case and 2.67 dollars per bottle’s case. In the concentrate producers there was blending of raw materials ingredients, were packed in plastic canisters and the n were shipped through the containers to the bottler (Coke, 89). The difference in the profit comes with the difference in the making of the concentration with the concentrates making artificial sweetener while the regular bottlers added sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Some of the significant expenses include promotions, bottler support, promotions, and record research. The bottlers bought concentrate and added carbonated water and sweeteners, canned the final product and then delivered to stores. The concentrates have the plants costing 25 million dollars to the required 50 million to build. The low investment in the production has led to the low profit in the concentrates as compared to the other bottlers. Pepsi and Coke are the leading competitors in the CSD market. Coke was established in 1886

Media report on magazine Essay Example for Free

Media report on magazine Essay The use of connotations comes under the key concepts of media language. This is very important because images are used as signs to add meaning. For example, an image of a football player means it has something to do with football. Images of make-up could have something to do with fashion magazines, these are known as connotations. Also, the actual language used is very important which helps along with choosing your audience. Formal writing is used for the older generation and informal writing or slang is used for teenagers as they are so familiar with slang meaning it is more appealing to that audience. Even slanting writing is more informal and more appealing to teenagers. Denotations and connotations are also very help. Denotations are what there are and connotation is what there might be, almost like suspense. Key concepts are very important and should be used in magazines for many reasons. For example one major key concept is the audience. This is very important for magazines as they need to know who they are trying to sell their product to. If they know who their audience is then the contents in the magazine will be suitable for that certain audience. Also, if you know your audience from the start, colours and images will help you to represent it for example: if the magazine was for females, the colour used would most likely be pink or red as these are mainly colours aimed at the female audience. Images also help with the audience. For example, people who are really into their football, most probably there will be an image of a football indicating what the magazine could be about and this is an example of connotation. A lot of this has linked in with representation such as use of colours, images and genders. Other aspects include of are religions and young people being represented unfairly. Firstly the use of colours can represent genders such as pink for females as this is more of a feminine colour and blue for males as this is more masculine. This gives us the audience it is aimed for. An example of this is not many males pick up pink coloured magazines as it seems to be for the female audience just like blue is a masculine colour and not preferred by women. I had decided to analyse these three magazines because my magazine is about fitness and a healthy lifestyles. I had decided to analyse these three different magazine covers because I then have a wider range of ideas which I can then combine to create the magazine. The case study I had chosen to provide as my research is from the magazine UltraFit. This is because unlike the other 2 magazines, this magazine has an image of both genders, male and female. On the Fitness, magazine, the image given only had a female on the front which indicated that it is mainly aimed for women. A similar issue was with the magazine Mens Magazine which was an issue because it clearly shows that it is aimed for the male audience. The analysis of the magazine front covers as influenced me to add quite a few aspects. I am influenced as most of the magazines included the same headings such as Your diet and nutritional values. This was tempting because it had been a popular topic at the time but I avoided using it as I wanted our magazine to be unique. Another heading I was tempted to include was How to cope with injuries. This was because it was an issue brought up in many sports such as football, hockey, etc. I have also chosen this because I have had injuries from sports myself so I could add a personal touch to it. Our first ideas were producing a magazine about football as stated before. This was because our knowledge of football was much more than any other sport but as we researched over the internet, we learnt that there were already many football magazines to compete with. The next thing we decided to do was a fitness magazine which was our final idea. Also, the colours first were yellow and white as they complimented the topic as they were clear and clean colours. The colours were then changed to a black background with mixtures of colours to make different parts of the magazine to stand out more and seem more appealing. The genre I have chosen to work on is health and fitness. Our first idea was originally football however we researched football magazines and there were too many which would not give us the factor of having a unique magazine. So we decided to choose something that is not focused on much in the UK; Obesity. We are not actually aiming to produce a full magazine but the main features of it which would be: a front cover, contents page, an article and a back cover. We decided to make our target audience the general public as this magazine bases itself on a subject that anybody can benefit from. Also, the age group is also any because anybody can benefit from exercise and fitness as it can help with things like diabetes, obesity, etc. on the magazine, there will be an image of different sports equipment showing people can play any sport and be fit. The technology we will be using to create our front covers are things with ICT such as Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Word. These were used to make the magazine to seem more professional and some would believe it is easier to design via ICT. Even the article was produced using Microsoft Word which made it seem a lot more appealing and professionally designed. Evaluation My strength of helping design a front cover was that I had a lot of knowledge about design which was a great use in this project. This was a really big help as I could make the cover to the best quality possible using graphics designing software. An area which I was not very strong in was mostly the research side of the project. I was able to research other magazine covers that were relevant to the genre of magazine that I had based my project on. This was a help as it helped me to decide colours and layout on a real fitness magazine so I made my magazine seem as real as possible. On our magazine, we had used a variety of colours that went together and colours that didnt so that the cover looked very appealing. This was a good point because it was very eye-catching and although the background colour was black, the other colours went together and the black made them all seems more appealing although they were very different. An example of this would be on the front cover as I have used a lot of different colours like red, blue, yellow, white or purple. These worked well together as the black background was neutral to all other colours. Another thing I was good at was when I had to choose colours which would compliment each other. This was a major issue at first as colours are usually the main points that attract readers to the magazine. In the end we decided to use the colour yellow as our main colour for our magazine name as it was the known as the colour of good health whereas other colours would have been is outstanding. Another colour we tried to use was purple but this became difficult as it was hard to compliment it and also because it was a colour that defined nobility and spirituality which sort of links into what we are doing. My weakness in helping to design the contents page was similar to my problems with the front page as I have no internet at home so my research was limited. This was things like how the contents page was set out and how to make it seem clean yet beneficial for the reader in terms of information. As I had problems doing the research part of the contents page, I was lucky to be working with somebody that is very skilled in methods of research and who is also very dedicated to their work so the majority of the research was done by him and the design and appearance of the magazine was mostly done by me although we both put equal amounts of effort into both parts of the project so that one person isnt doing all the work. My strengths on the article was that when the person I worked with had typed the article of obesity, we had decided to make it into the shape of an obese person with all the text inside the person as it would be creative and original another good point about the article was that the colours of health had been added so the colours would give the reader the idea that I was trying to promote health as healthy colours were used such as orange, green, etc. One other thing that I found a good idea was to put the slogan for the magazine along the sides of the body for the article as they would motivate the audience to be healthy. This was effectively because the slogan was motivational -What the mind believes, the body achieves. This seemed like the perfect slogan as it seems to be motivational and in some way inspiring to young people as it motivates them to become healthy as it suggests that their body can achieve its goal if they as a person would believe that goal themselves mentally. My strengths on designing were that I had researched some information and I had learnt that the readers eye automatically goes to the right of the page when a magazine is first opened. This is why I decided to put the topics and names of the articles on the right side of the contents page so they are clearly visible and not a problem to understand either. I had also used bright colours and large images to dominate the page so that the contents page looked appealing to the audience and still provided sufficient information was is good because it makes the text seem appealing without making the page look too compact. Also, I had used the same colours as the main colours on the front page for the contents page as they are the colours that will be representing the magazine and also because they are bright and eye-catching. Another reason I decided to use these colours was because they are attractive and motivational colours whereas other colours such as purple or blue are too dull or boring. One thing I had added as an extra was a FIFA world rankings table as I have a lot of knowledge about football and I wanted to add a personal touch. This was also beneficial because when the reader opens the magazine and their eye moves to the right of the page, they will see this extra feature and may find it interested to read if they are fans of the sport.

Comparative Style-book Essay :: Writing Style Styles Essays

Comparative Style-book Essay Two well-know style books are The Elements of Style, by Strunk and White, and Style Toward Clarity and Grace, by Williams. Both of these books are very beneficial, discussing grammar rules, style, and composition, all with the aim to make its readers better writers. They teach readers to use proper techniques and proofread their papers so they can improve their writing style. Although the books goals are the same, each one approaches it in a different way, emphasizing certain points above others. While both books are well-written and taught me important rules, after analyzing both books, looking at their authors, target audience, cultural awareness, organization, and detail, I find Williams more helpful in developing my writing style and addressing the need of contemporary prose. A lot can be inferred about how the books were written by looking at their Authors. The authors of The Elements of Style, Strunk and White, were professor and student. When White was a student in 1919 his professor, Strunk, assigned him a coursepack, which would be the basis for their future book. The coursepack was very detailed and commanding, like White describes his professor when he calls him, â€Å"Sergeant Strunk snapping orders to his platoon† (xiv). Years later, after White had become a well-known, professional writer, he was commissioned to edit and improve the Strunk coursepack for publication. The book was published in 1959, and by that time White’s old professor had passed away. Now, White is also gone, and the book has been around for quite a while, making it slightly dated. I found Williams to be more modern, and connectable. It was last published by its author in 1990. Williams, a linguist, professor, and communication consultant, has meticulously studies the craft of writing, discovering what makes good writing good and bad writing bad. His careful observations and sensitivity to current issues that plague writing make his readers grasp many of the different aspects of writing. Since he is part of modern times, he is more culturally aware, giving him an advantage over Strunk and White. Since the books have been written in different times, the targeted audience is different.

Conducting a management project Essay

Introduction The project, as requested by the manager; is to come up with the ways that my team can make more savings in the company for the company and for their own growth. This was because the company has not been making savings as they had targeted in the beginning of their business year and the savings are even less as compared to the other financial years yet the company still appears to be run under the same principals. The project is aimed at coming up with the research and recommendations for actions to be taken to manage and change the situation at the company and write a suitable report on this. The report written at the end of this research is going to benefit the company in generating more profits and the employees in self-development. It is also going to cultivate the culture of team work, innovation and entrepreneurial culture among the employees. Simply put, the benefits derived from project management increase in proportion to how well project management processes are used. A well -executed project will be completed on time, within its approved budget. A well-executed project will deliver higher product quality by managing the time to design and test the new product. It will provide great satisfaction to its team, and it will meet (or exceed) the customers’ expectations. In today’s business environment, it is critical that each project is run in the most efficient manner possible. For a project-oriented business, it is equally imperative that all projects are managed consistently, so that the benefits of well -executed projects extend corporate wide. The data that was used in this research was collected from the employees, customers and other stakeholders in the company. In preparation for the data collection, it is important to note that a diverse sample of the host company’s employees is required in order to address the breadth of the organizational structure and the full range of roles and responsibilities of participants. Input to the list of interview participants should be secured from the company sponsor, but it   is the assessor’s function to challenge the sample to ensure it meets the needs of a balanced assessment. The assessor should recognize a tendency of most sponsors to provide participants who already are highly rated and can demonstrate high performance.   The participant pool needs to include these participants, but not be limited to them. All divisions of the corporate structure should be represented, including functional and supporting departments. In selecting the interview sample, the assessor should consider the population density of the host company’s divisions, revenue generated by the divisions, project count or cost, or several other attributes. The total number of interviews to be conducted must be limited to a number that is appropriate for the size of the host company; it is organizational structure and the time period in which the study is required. These factors also drive the composition and size of the assessment team. The methods used in the collection of data and information include; use of questionnaires, observation, collecting samples, taking pictures, oral interviews, reading on recorded materials. The process was not that easy since it was hard to get some confidential information especially on the accounts records of the company and some of the employees felt like they were being spied on and did not give the precisely correct information. Also collecting information from my seniors proved to be a bit hard, but all in all the information and data required for the research was successfully corrected. In all the methods used face to face conversation proved to be the best way to obtain information. Some of it advantages include; A people -to-people tool within a people – oriented business Project management is ultimately a people -oriented business that requires personal interactions by and between all of the project team members. Face-to-face interviewing extends this principle to maturity assessments. Not only does the interview provide an interpersonal connection between the interviewer and the interview participant, it allows the interviewer to begin to assess the â€Å"people skills† of the personnel assigned to manage projects at the subject company. Interview participants who display grace and condor during the interview are more likely to carry those traits into their project teams, and are more likely to be open to the recommendations for change or improvement that will flow from the assessment study. Conversely, interview subjects who are less cooperative or more belligerent during the interviews are less likely to readily adopt new suggestions. Reveals actual, as well as intended behaviours conducting face-to-face interviews allows the interviewer/assessor to discover how the project team members at the subject company conduct their project business on a day-to-day basis. It is the only tool in the assessor’s toolbox that provides a means to evaluate the validity of several of the other tools, such as a review of policy manuals, or a project document search. Policy statements and procedures manuals provide guidance into how the subject company believes it should or wants to do work. By engaging project team members in open conversations, the interviewer can elicit comments that reveal, â€Å"What we really do† vs. â€Å"what we think we do† or â€Å"what we are supposed to do?† Additionally, by discussing different types of project reports with the people who write them, or use them, the assessor can gain insight into the value placed on each report. A simple document review, while important, can only indicate that a report exists, not that it is a valued tool, used by the project team to help control their projects, or by management to monitor progress. Provides opportunity to observe the corporate culture of the subject company. Corporate culture creates different patterns of behaviour at different companies that can have a significant impact on the outcomes of projects. The degree of openness to hearing and dealing with project issues, demonstrating appreciation for project successes, and the amount of information sharing between functional groups working on a project all contribute to the ultimate success of a project. All companies probably would respond affirmatively to possessing these traits; not all companies truly demonstrate these traits positively. During one-on-one conversations with working- level project team members, the assessor can learn how well the subject company responds to project information, or how often it â€Å"shoots the messenger. Difficulties associated with face-to-face interviews Need to establish credibility of assessors As an outsider, the assessment team will often encounter a â€Å"Who-are -you-and-why-should -I-give-you-any-of- my time?† reluctance to participate amongst the project management community at the subject company. This attitude can stem from two general sources: a general distrust of consultants and management’s motives for hiring them; or insufficient information about the assessors’ credentials. Neither of these difficulties is insurmountable, but neither can be ignored. And both can be addressed initially by a carefully worded introduction from the assessment’s sponsor within the host company. The sponsor for the assessment necessarily must possess sufficient status within his/her own organization to approve, or be able to solicit approval for the funding needed to conduct the assessment study. This status can be leveraged to convey the credentials of the assessment team to the host organization. The assessors must be introduced to the project management community in terms that readily establish the expertise and experience of the assessment team with this type of work. This also implies that the assessment team must be comprised of, or, at the least, be led by experienced, senior project managers, whose personal credentials will inspire confidence in the interview participants. Need to secure cooperation of interview participants. The assessor also needs to recognize that many people within the host company’s project management organization(s) will not view the assessment in an entirely positive light. Although the study is intended to be a continuous-improvement effort, it may still be perceived to stem from something being wrong, or judged to be not good enough. The outside assessor could be viewed as Management’s vigilante enforcer, coming in to identify and punish the under-achievers in project management. The assessor must defuse this impression, a task that can best be done if the assessor knows where the host company’s â€Å"sore spots† exist and why the host company has elected to conduct the assessment. Here again, the status of the assessment sponsor can be of great help in overcoming the reluctance of the interview participants. The sponsor’s introduction of the assessment team can be used to share the rationale for the study and remove much of the apprehension that could surround it. Need to prepare thoroughly. During each interview, it will be beneficial to allow conversation to flow in a freewheeling manner, rather than following a rigid, checklist question and answer. For this to work, the assessor/interviewer must be adequately prepared to conduct the interview. The assessor must know the assessment model in great detail, and be able to detect different levels of maturity for each knowledge area, regard less of whether or not the interview respondent uses catch phrases and key words from the model in his/her comments. It is the assessor’s responsibility to be able to take appropriate notes during the interview without disrupting the flow of the interview by having to shuffle papers or stumble from one topic to the next. The assessment team can help prepare for the interviews by constructing an easy -to-use interview form that guides them through the different areas, and offers reminders of key phrases to listen for. By creating the form, the team members will increase their familiarity with it, and find it more beneficial as a guide. Additionally, by constructing their own form, the assessment team members will afford themselves the opportunity to reacquaint themselves with the details of the assessment model. Compiling, synthesizing, and evaluating the information from all interviews. Specific data from individual interviews can be compiled if a set of common questions, with a short range of possible answers, is used for all interviews. In this circumstance, it is recommended that a set of standard analytical measures are identified prior to the interview phase, but it should not be assumed that these standard measures will adequately address the entire information content collected. The synthesis of the information is a process that requires the individual assessors to subjectively analyse the comments they heard and recorded during the interviews and identify common themes and touch-points along the maturity continuum. The assessors must then collaborate to yield consistent interpretation of the interview and confirm that the data gathered is appropriate for further evaluation. The assessors must collectively review the compiled data, interrogate it for trends and errors, and determine whether trends identified warrant further analysis. From the information gathered in data collection, many things can be realised; there is no transparent audit of the books of accounts in the company, the employees are taking bribes from the customers in return for unauthorised favours, the employees are very relaxed in their work and lack motivation, the board members are conduction the staffing process in a questionable manner, the employees were taking unnecessary and expensive trips at the expense of the company, the directors have very high unwarranted allowances, the taxes due to the government are not fully settled and the overall running of the firm is questionable. The things that need to be done urgently to make sure that the company is saved from being bankrupt and that it gives some profits are; there should be an immediate external audit of all the books of accounts in the firm, the recruitment and staffing in the firm should be done on the basis of qualification and therefore there should be a vetting process to eliminate all those who are there illegally, all the directors should be vetted and those found to be corrupt should be retrenched, the company should have a new board of directors, all the employees should sign a performance contract which should be followed strictly. Conclusions; the use of face-to-face interviews in Project Management Maturity Assessments has proven to contribute most and convey the project management actualities within any host organization. If executed correctly, the face-to- face interview will yield most insight into the host organization’s current maturity and point to pockets of excellence as well as areas requiring correction. Although it is not recommended that an assessment be conducted using only face-to-face interviews, it is strongly recommended that a face-to-face interview always be included in an assessment. References Dove, K. E. (2002).  Conducting a successful development services program: A comprehensive guide and resource. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Fernald Environmental Management Project (U.S.), United States., United States., United States., Lippitt, J. M., & Kolthoff, K. (1995).  Successful completion of a RCRA closure for the Fernald Environmental Management Project. Washington, D.C: United States. Dept. of Energy. Thomsett, M. C. (2002).  The little black book of project management. New York: AMACOM. Tjahjana, L., Dwyer, P., & Habib, M. (2009).  The program management office advantage: A powerful and centralized way for organizations to manage projects. New York: American Management Association. Weir, J. R. (2009).  Conducting prescribed fires: A comprehensive manual. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. Wysocki, R. K., Beck, R., & Crane, D. B. (2000).  Effective project management. New York: Wiley.

Google Business Strategies Essay

Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of Google’s development of new strategic resources, dynamic capabilities and core competency, Analysis of competency test, Google’s competency foundation to compete in shopping related searches and the positive impacts of Google’s competencies towards its business model. Moreover, this report provides recommendations that Google are effectively able to utilise. Introduction Google, a provider of multiple products and services, with the mission to â€Å"organise the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful†, is the number one web search engine. Additionally, Google has an old online shopping service site whose rivals include Amazon and eBay (Newth, F 2012). However, recently, in 2012, Google announced its adaption of a new paid model, where retailers were now starting to get charged. Moreover, the bases discussed throughout the report will be grounded in Google’s competency test, and its impact towards Google business model (Newth, F 2012). Google’s development of new strategicresources, dynamic capabilities and core competency Google’s recent change of passing on costs, a fee, to online retailers who display their products on the Google online shopping site (Hartwig, J. I 2012), will require Google to develop new strategic resources, dynamic capabilities and a core competency. Firstly, developing new strategic resources to work aside Google’s new paid model (Hartwig, J. I 2012), will mean that Google will need to improvise on teaching Google employees currently working in the Google online shopping sector, to adapt to the new changes appropriately, through being educationally mentored on new policies, procedures and most importantly, advancing this new process in a sustainable way (Sullivan, J 2007). Moving on to the development of dynamic capabilities, here, Google will need to effectively make changes towards the company’s internal and external organisational skills, resources and functional competences moreover, reviewing the company’s strengths, as a result of adapting to the new change(Newth, F 2012), that is, the re positioning of Google’s online shopping paid model. This is a crucial change to develop, as vice president of product management for Google shopping, Sameer Samat, explained that by  repositioning to an all-paid model will increase further trustworthy data(Sullivan, D 2012) , hence, it will greater improve the shopping search experience for its customers. Additionally, Google’s core competencies have already created various competitive advantages for the company, and as a result, Google will need to review their most valuable competitive advantage, and put emphasis on those advantages they have over other similar companies, such as Amazon who provides an online shopping service (Sullivan, D 2012). Analysis of competency test Referring to â€Å"appendix 1†, a competency test of Google was completed, and is now going to be further analysed. Additionally, the competency test as completed was based around three of Google’s strategic assets, that is, their employees, Google’s strong brand name and their loyal customer base. It should also be noted that the analysis for the business model impact will be discussed further in the report. The first strategic asset discussed is Google’s experienced and knowledgeable employees. Google is the number one best company to work for in America, as voted by the company’s very own employees (Sullivan, J 2007). Alongside this, Google acknowledges its employees by offering employees everything they need to get them focused on specific aspects such as creativity and innovation. Google also focuses on helping their employees have the correct information and resources in regards to their work (Sullivan, J 2007). Moving on, whilst providing to the employee’s work needs in every way possible, Google’s unique employees are also provided with outstanding people management practices, as a result of the company’s use of the people analytics approach. Google training efforts aren’t the usual traditional tactics applied, Google’s development efforts are decentralized meaning Google employees demonstrate self directed learning (Sullivan, J 2007). Along with self directed learning employees also demonstrate, continuous learning and development, and adapting to changes when needed, are key features that can be direct parallel to the core employee competencies at Google (Sullivan, J 2013). Moreover, when undergoing a â€Å"VIRO test†, to assess whether or not Google’s employee dynamic capabilities can become a competency, as presented, Google employees pose three of the four characteristics; valuable, organisation and rare. These characteristics are related to the employee’s competencies, as here, the  main employees competencies include, information and gathering, where employees are able to locate and collect data from a variety of sources, whilst also analysing the data in order to prepare it into meaningful reports (Sullivan, J 2013). Another competency is business perspective, whereby employees use an understanding of the company’s issues, processes and outcomes in order to enhance Google’s overall business performance. Additionally, Google employees manage important resources such as financial information, in order to achieve short and long term goals (Sullivan, J 2007). Moving on, the next strategic asset is Google’s strong brand name. Google’s brand name is one of the most recognised brand names globally, and is one of the leaders in internet brands. In 2010, Google for the fourth time was presented as 2010’s world valuable global brand, close to major competitors such as Microsoft (Interbrand, 2010). Alongside Google’s significant brand image, Google’s strong infrastructure base, another dynamic capability, is the base for providing new and advanced innovative products and services to end users; that is consumers (McDermott, T). Here, the company brand name plays a rather large role to add to Google’s strong brand name, as the strong infrastructure base allows Google’s new innovative products to gain a competitive advantage, hence keep its strong brand name visible(McDermott, T) . Moreover, like Google’s employees, the company’s strong brand name lies within similar VIRO test characteristics, such as , Valuable, rare and Imitability. Alongside these characteristics, Google’s strong brand name competencies as presented in table one, have given Google the opportunity to enter in a wide variety of markets, and has produced a competitive advantage, as well as, making Google profitable for the company in both short and long terms(Tsai, M 2011). Additionally the last strategic asset for Google is loyal customer base. Google’s dynamic capabilities in this case, refers to the company’s strong customers based brand equity and Google’s ability to create outstanding customer value. Starting with customer based brand equity, here Google utilises its customer brand loyalty which is attached to many benefits for the company such as greater brand loyalty from users and an increase in Google usage (Bhasin, K 2011), just to name a few. Here, Google is able to command for increased price premiums and receive additional trade cooperation and support. To add, customer value and customer brand relationships are the foundation of Google’s brand  resonance, for instance, Google’s search advertising has created a better fit between meeting potential customers’ needs and the relevant advisement. Hence focusing on these attributes has allowed Google to add these as one of their strengths towards the o verall company (T. Y. Chan, C. Wu, Y. Xie 2011). Furthermore, Google’s loyal customer base VIRO test characteristics as presented in table one, makes Google’s capability a true competency. In regards to this, the main reason it could be drawn upon that Google has a loyal customer base is through its ratings (Bhasin, K 2011). This can be seen through Google standing out as one of the top search engine for users, hence the reason for such a large customer base, whilst beating Bing and Yahoo, other competitors in the same category (Bhasin, K 2011). Google’s competency foundation to compete in shopping related searches An analysis of the competency test derives favourable outcomes for Google to more effectively compete in shopping related searches. Considering the fact that Google already has a highly established reputation, it sets itself as the most used search engine for users, hence allowing Google to better compete in online shopping (Bhasin, K 2011). Google’s high consumer awareness, strong market position and core employee competencies further contribute to their competitive advantages, resulting in a higher chance of shopping-related searches. Referring to Google’s online shopping transition to an all paid model, Google believes â€Å"that by having a paid relationship, it can better ensure the quality of what it lists in Google shopping† (Sullivan, D 2012). To add, Google also believes that it will provide more trustworthy information, which improves the shopping online search experience for both retailers and customers (Sullivan, D 2012). Overall, Google has the ability to utilise its competencies and competitive advantages in providing users with more out of their search engine, by working on making it easier for users to search and compare products whilst shopping online. In addition, by assisting shoppers to locate the best deals, they’re able to increase traffic to retailers in order for shoppe rs to easily find their sites (Sullivan, D 2012). The positive impacts of Google’s competencies towards its business model Furthermore, as mentioned above, Google has the proper competency base to effectively compete in shopping related searches. As Google has the proper  mechanisms and competencies to compete, it brings alongside it positive impacts towards Google’s business model. The positive impact of employee competencies at Google, include the positive attributes Google employee’s pose such as strategically working on intrinsic challenges on a daily bases, effectively gathering and processing appropriate information to further enhance Google’s culture of innovation , having a rather unique business perspective and resource management have greatly impacted the company’s business model (Sullivan, J 2007). Moreover, Google’s strong focus on human capital and retention (Sullivan, J 2007), overtime, has given employees the opportunity to make a positive business impact towards the company’s overall business model, such as their ability to execute their move into online shopping, whilst competing with other large online shopping companied such as EBay and Amazon. Moving along, like Google employees, the company’s strong brand name also has a positive impact towards Google’s business model, as Google’s strong market position allows Google to be innovative with its offering products and services, which in the long term adds value for the company, through increased sales (T. Y. Chan, C. Wu, Y. Xie 2011). Google’s outstanding recognition, through high consumer awareness, allows the company for more opportunities to seek, such as still being an effective competitor in the online shopping sector, though previous changes were put into place (Sullivan, D 2012). Overall, Google’s strong brand names, and its competitive advantages such as the competencies as mentioned above, play an important role in positively impacting the company’s business model. Similarly, like competencies from knowledgeable and experienced employees, and the company’s strong brand name, Google’s loyal customer base also has a positive impact. Google’s recognition as the top search engine for online users (Interbrand, 2010) gives Google the opportunity for expansion, as its built customer base are more likely to become a continuous user of Google’s product lines and services, if they are able to be correctly executed, such as Google’s online shopping changes, that even though there were speculations (Morphy, E 2014), once placed into action, it was a more effective way for users to and retailers to sell and buy products. Whilst creating value from Google’s loyal base, in the long term, this largely impacts Google’s overall company’s business model, as this competency has created a competitive advantage (T. Y. Chan, C. Wu, Y. Xie  2011) that even though other search engine company’s may be successful, Google is still deemed as the most popular and most chosen by its users. Recommendations Presented, are recommendations Google should effectively consider and utilise in order to stay competent, meet to its consumers need and moreover keep an overall positive impact towards the company’s business model. Google is grounded in its culture of innovation; however, with the increase of competition, Google will need to overcome this challenge. In order to preserve its culture of innovation as they grow, it is highly recommended that Google overlooks its employee’s competencies and re adjust some aspects, so employees are able to effectively execute any task given, in order to keep Google’s innovations unique, and superior (Morphy, E 2014). Google should utilise appropriate dynamic processes that result in capabilities that adds to the strength of the company, in order to develop strong and positive competencies that support Google’s unique business model. In turn, this will result in a competitive advantage that Google will be able to override its c ompetitors. Moving along, in order to compete with competitors in the online shopping sector, such as Amazon and eBay, Google will need to effectively build onto its dynamic capabilities, by critically reviewing the strengths of their strategic assets, such as Google’s strong name (McDermott, T). This can be done through promotional strategies and the correct use of their enormous brand recognition in order to allow Google to make smart investments in terms of their retail efforts. Moreover, in regards to the Google online shopping site, in order to terminate speculation (Owen, V 2013) with Google’s customer base, Google should provide search results that are in the best interest of consumers shopping online, not provide customised search results that only work in the best interest of retailers and advertisers. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that Google has positive competencies to contribute to the company’s business model, as a result of Google’s strategic assets, dynamic capabilities and its competitive advantages. Moreover, this has allowed Google to maintain its strengths, whilst allowing for greater opportunities for growth and expansion. 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